Catégorie : EN

Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) was both a moral thinker, a spiritual guide, and a major political figure of the twentieth century. His philosophy is not a purely abstract theoretical system but rather a practical philosophy, oriented toward action and the transformation of both the individual and society. I. Non-violence (Ahimsa): a moral force At the heart […]

1. Who was Nelson Mandela? Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was a South African political leader and a global symbol of the struggle against apartheid, a system of racial segregation that separated Whites and Blacks in South Africa.He spent 27 years in prison because of his fight, before becoming in 1994 the first Black president of South […]

Introduction Philosophy was born from a deep human desire to understand the world and our own existence.Before humans began to reason about nature, justice, or happiness, they were already trying to give meaning to life. But that meaning was found in myths — poetic and religious stories that explained the universe through the actions of […]

Introduction Human beings never exist in isolation: they live in society, sharing rules, institutions, and culture. Yet social life can be seen as a constraint: laws, norms, and the gaze of others limit our desires and behaviors. But without society, would we truly be free? Or would we instead fall back into a state of […]

Introduction Justice is a central concept in human life: it organizes our relationships, defines the rights and duties of each person, and seeks to maintain balance between individuals. Since Antiquity, it has often been defined as the art of “giving to each what is due to them” (a definition attributed to Ulpian, Roman jurist). But […]

📌 Definition Religion is a set of beliefs and practices that connect human beings to a higher reality (God, gods, or the sacred). It involves rituals, sacred texts, moral codes, and communities of believers. Religion addresses the major existential questions: Who are we? Why is there suffering? What happens after death? 🧭 The Functions of […]

Author: René Descartes Genre: Philosophical essay (written in French, which was rare at the time) Goal: To find a method for reaching certain knowledge, just like in mathematics. 🧠 Central idea: Descartes seeks a universal method to reason correctly and reach the truth. He wants to build solid knowledge that doesn’t rely on the senses […]

📌 Definition of Philosophy Philosophy is a process of rational, critical, and universal thinking aimed at questioning the world, existence, values, and the human condition. It does not offer ready-made answers but invites us to think for ourselves, with depth and rigor. 🧭 The Origins of Philosophy 1. Historical origin Philosophy first appeared in Ancient […]

📌 Key Definitions 🔍 Central Problem Are we truly in control of ourselves?Or does a hidden part of us act without our awareness? 🧩 Key Distinctions Immediate awareness: Direct perception of oneself and the world (e.g., “I’m hungry”) Reflective consciousness: Ability to think about oneself, to analyze one’s states Freudian unconscious: Repressed content: desires, memories, […]

📌 Definition Freedom is the ability to act according to one’s own will, without being constrained by external forces. It can be physical, moral, political, or metaphysical. ⚖️ Types of Freedom 📚 Key Philosophers and Quotations ➤ Descartes – Letter to Father Mesland (1645) ➤ Spinoza – Ethics ➤ Rousseau – The Social Contract, Book […]